Luxembourg is the world’s only remaining sovereign grand duchy.
A grand duchy is a state ruled by a grand duke or grand duchess. Luxembourg’s head of state is Grand Duke Guillaume, who succeeded to the throne in 2024. The country’s constitutional system combines a hereditary monarchy with parliamentary government.
Luxembourg lies between Belgium, Germany, and France in western Europe. It is landlocked, but its location has made it an important crossroads and a founding participant in European integration. Luxembourg City is the national capital and one of the main institutional centers of the European Union.
Liechtenstein is another landlocked European principality, while Monaco is a coastal principality on the Mediterranean. Neither is a grand duchy, making Luxembourg’s constitutional title unique among sovereign states.