Which Himalayan range is the southernmost major mountain range?

The Shiwalik Range is the southernmost major mountain range of the Himalayas.

Also called the Sivalik Hills or Churia Hills, this range runs along the Himalayan foothills from the Indus region in Pakistan toward the Brahmaputra valley in the east. Its hills are generally lower than the ranges farther north and are built largely from relatively young, loosely consolidated sediments.

The Shiwaliks formed from material eroded from the rising Himalayas and deposited along their southern edge. Because the rocks are comparatively soft, the region is especially vulnerable to erosion, landslides and seasonal flooding. Valleys known as duns, including Dehradun in India, occur between the Shiwaliks and the Lesser Himalaya.

The name is sometimes spelled “Shivalik,” while “Sivalik” is also common in geographic references. It is distinct from the Lesser Himalaya, which lies farther north and reaches substantially higher elevations.