In Genesis 10, Ham is traditionally associated with peoples and kingdoms in Africa and nearby regions.
Genesis lists Ham’s sons as Cush, Mizraim, Put, and Canaan. These names connect the chapter’s genealogical geography with places or peoples commonly identified with Nubia or Ethiopia, Egypt, Libya, and Canaan. The exact historical identifications are debated, but Ham is the son linked to that group in the biblical table.
Ham is also central to the episode that follows Noah’s drunkenness. Genesis 9 describes Ham seeing Noah uncovered and Shem and Japheth covering their father. Noah’s resulting statement concerns Canaan, Ham’s son, rather than directly cursing Ham.
Later writers developed the so-called “curse of Ham,” but that phrase can obscure what Genesis actually says. The question concerns Genesis 10’s traditional geographic association, not a modern racial classification or a scientific account of ancestry.