Who is the mother of Fenrir, Jormungandr, and Hel?

Who is the mother of Fenrir, Jormungandr, and Hel? Angrboda is the jötunn who, with Loki, is identified as the mother of Fenrir, Jormungandr, and Hel.

The Prose Edda’s Gylfaginning tells how the gods learn that Loki and Angrboda have three monstrous children in Jotunheim. Fenrir is the giant wolf, Jormungandr is the Midgard Serpent, and Hel becomes ruler of the realm receiving many of the dead. Their feared destinies make the family central to the approach of Ragnarok.

The surviving poetic evidence is less uniform. Völuspá hin skamma names Angrboda as Fenrir’s mother, while Snorri’s prose account explicitly assigns all three children to Loki and Angrboda. The name Angrboða is usually translated along the lines of “she who brings sorrow.” Some scholars also connect her with a giantess or witch living in Ironwood, but that identification is debated. Sigyn is Loki’s wife in another tradition, not the mother of this trio.