Which scientist formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation?

Isaac Newton formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation.

Newton presented his laws in Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published in 1687. The work explained how forces affect motion and proposed that the same universal gravitational law governs falling objects on Earth and the movements of planets.

His three laws describe inertia, the relationship between force and acceleration, and action and reaction. Together with calculus, which he developed independently of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, they became foundations of classical physics.

Newton also made major contributions to optics. He demonstrated that white light can be separated into a spectrum of colours and built an early practical reflecting telescope. Einstein's relativity later extended Newtonian physics, but Newton's laws remain highly accurate for everyday speeds and scales.