Which Ottoman sultan created the modern army Nizam-ı Cedid?

Selim III created the Nizam-ı Cedid, or New Order, army as part of a broader program to modernize the Ottoman military. He became sultan in 1789 and sought to respond to repeated defeats by Russia and Austria with European-style training, weapons, and organization.

The new force was developed during the 1790s, with foreign instructors helping train troops recruited largely from Anatolia. It had its own funding through the Irad-ı Cedid, or New Treasury, and was intended to counterbalance the increasingly powerful Janissary corps. Nizam-ı Cedid troops performed effectively in actions such as the defense of Acre against Napoleon's forces in 1799.

The reform threatened established military and political interests. Janissaries and their allies opposed the taxes, European methods, and challenge to their privileges. A revolt in 1807 deposed Selim, and the Nizam-ı Cedid army was disbanded. Mahmud II later pursued related reforms, but he did not create this original New Order army.