Which mountain range traditionally forms part of the boundary between Europe and Asia?

The Ural Mountains traditionally form part of the boundary between Europe and Asia. The range runs broadly north–south through western Russia and extends into northwestern Kazakhstan.

The Urals stretch for about 2,500 kilometres from the Arctic Ocean toward the Ural River and the northwestern Caspian region. They are among the world's oldest mountain ranges, with rocks shaped by a long geological history.

The range is divided into northern, central and southern sections. It is generally not as high or rugged as the Himalayas or the Alps, but it is economically important because it contains deposits of iron ore, coal, precious stones and other minerals.

There is no single universally accepted Europe–Asia boundary. Geographers commonly use a line involving the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus region, Black Sea and Turkish straits. The Urals are therefore a conventional geographic boundary rather than a sharp cultural or geological divide.