Modern Turkey replaced the Ottoman Empire as the new Turkish state after the empire was dissolved. The Ottoman sultanate was abolished by the Turkish nationalists’ Grand National Assembly on 1 November 1922, ending the sultanate’s political authority.
The transition followed the Turkish War of Independence, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and the nationalist movement based in Ankara. The Treaty of Lausanne, signed in 1923, internationally recognized the sovereignty and borders of the new Turkish state. The Republic of Turkey was formally proclaimed on 29 October 1923, with Ankara as its capital.
The change was not simply a renaming of the empire. The republic replaced the Ottoman monarchy with a national, secular republican system and later abolished the caliphate in 1924. Atatürk introduced sweeping reforms involving law, education, language, and government institutions.
Iraq, Syria, and Greece were not successors to the entire empire. They emerged from former Ottoman territories under different political arrangements, including British and French mandates, while Turkey inherited the Ottoman imperial center in Anatolia and eastern Thrace.