Which eagle migrates from Europe to Africa and is especially associated with the Bosphorus migration route?

The lesser spotted eagle migrates from Europe to Africa and is especially associated with the Bosphorus migration route.

Many lesser spotted eagles breed in eastern and central Europe and migrate south through southeastern Europe and Turkey. Large numbers pass the Bosphorus, where geography channels soaring birds between Europe and Asia. They generally continue toward wintering areas in eastern and southern Africa.

Like other large raptors, the species depends heavily on rising air currents. It circles in thermals rather than flapping continuously, conserving energy over long distances. Migration can therefore be concentrated at ridges, straits, and other places where wind and landform support soaring.

The lesser spotted eagle is frequently confused with the greater spotted eagle. Plumage varies considerably in both species, so size, shape, range, habitat, and migration timing can all help identification. The two species can also hybridize where their breeding ranges overlap.