Which DNA sequencing method did Frederick Sanger develop and share a 1980 Nobel Prize for?

Frederick Sanger developed chain-termination sequencing, the DNA sequencing method for which he shared the 1980 Nobel Prize.

The method is also called Sanger sequencing or the dideoxy method. It uses a DNA template, a primer, DNA polymerase, ordinary nucleotides, and small amounts of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides. When a dideoxynucleotide is incorporated, the growing DNA strand can no longer be extended.

The resulting fragments end at different positions. Separating them by size and reading their terminal bases reveals the sequence of the template. Early versions used radioactive labels and polyacrylamide gels; later automated instruments used fluorescent dyes and capillary electrophoresis.

Sanger sequencing was central to early genome projects and remains useful for confirming variants and sequencing relatively short DNA regions. It is distinct from Maxam–Gilbert chemical sequencing and from newer massively parallel methods, which can process many DNA fragments simultaneously.