What was the title of Satoshi Nakamoto’s 2008 paper introducing Bitcoin?

Satoshi Nakamoto’s 2008 paper introducing Bitcoin was titled “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System.”

The nine-page paper described a digital payment system allowing users to send value directly without a financial institution acting as an intermediary. It proposed a peer-to-peer network, cryptographic signatures, proof-of-work, and a public transaction history to prevent double-spending.

Nakamoto published the paper to the Cryptography Mailing List on 31 October 2008, several months before the Bitcoin network began operating. The paper’s title is sometimes shortened informally to “the Bitcoin white paper,” but the full title is the canonical name.

The paper did not describe every feature later associated with Bitcoin. For example, the word “blockchain” was not its main organizing term; Nakamoto discussed a chain of proof-of-work-based records. The document remains one of the most frequently cited foundations of cryptocurrency history.