What was the pen name C.S. Lewis used for his 1919 poetry collection?

C.S. Lewis used the pen name Clive Hamilton for his 1919 poetry collection Spirits in Bondage. The book was published when Lewis was still a young man and before he became widely known as a Christian author.

The collection reflects the influence of classical literature, Romantic poetry, and Lewis’s experiences around the First World War. Its poems often have a darker and more pessimistic tone than the religious apologetics and children’s fiction for which he later became famous.

Lewis had served in the British Army during the First World War and was wounded in 1918. Spirits in Bondage appeared under a name that concealed his identity from ordinary readers, although the author’s identity was not permanently secret.

He later used another pseudonym, N.W. Clerk, for The Oxford History of English Literature in the Sixteenth Century. Clive Hamilton should therefore be associated specifically with his early poetry.