Mahatma Gandhi’s 1909 book outlining his critique of modern civilization was Hind Swaraj.
Gandhi wrote Hind Swaraj in Gujarati during a voyage from London to South Africa in November 1909. The title is often translated as Indian Home Rule. In the book, he presented a dialogue between an editor and a reader about political freedom, morality, technology, and the meaning of civilization.
The work rejected the idea that independence meant simply replacing British rulers with Indian rulers. Gandhi argued that genuine swaraj required self-discipline and ethical self-government. British authorities banned the Gujarati edition in India soon after publication.
Hind Swaraj is distinct from Gandhi’s later autobiography, The Story of My Experiments with Truth, which was published serially from 1925. Its arguments became an important foundation of his political philosophy.