What was Leo Tolstoy’s final major novel, published in 1899?

Leo Tolstoy’s final major novel, published in 1899, was Resurrection.

The novel follows Prince Dmitri Nekhlyudov as he confronts the consequences of his earlier seduction of Katyusha Maslova. Years later, she is convicted of a crime and sentenced to hard labor, prompting Nekhlyudov to reconsider his privileged life and seek moral responsibility.

Resurrection combines a personal story with a broad criticism of courts, prisons, the Orthodox Church, bureaucracy, and social inequality in late imperial Russia. Tolstoy’s religious and ethical views are especially prominent, and the novel presents moral awakening as a difficult process rather than a single sentimental revelation.

It was serialized and published in book form in 1899. The work is sometimes confused with Tolstoy’s earlier novels War and Peace and Anna Karenina, which are generally treated as his two greatest nineteenth-century novels. Resurrection was his last major completed novel.