What pseudonym did C.S. Lewis use for his early poetry collection Spirits in Bondage?

C.S. Lewis published his 1919 poetry collection Spirits in Bondage under the pseudonym Clive Hamilton.

The book was Lewis’s first published volume and appeared while he was still a young man. Its poems reflect pessimistic and often bleak views of suffering, nature, and existence, ideas connected with Lewis’s outlook before his return to Christianity.

The name Clive Hamilton combined Lewis’s first name with the surname of his mother’s family. Using a pseudonym allowed him to publish poetry without initially presenting the book under the name that later became famous through his apologetics and fiction.

Lewis’s next poetry collection, Dymer, appeared in 1926 under the same pseudonym. He later became much better known for works such as The Problem of Pain, Mere Christianity, and The Chronicles of Narnia.