What does the Hebrew-derived term “bar mitzvah” literally mean?

The Hebrew-derived term “bar mitzvah” literally means “son of commandment.”

Bar is an Aramaic word meaning “son,” while mitzvah means “commandment” or “religious obligation.” Together, the words identify a Jewish boy who has reached the traditional age of religious responsibility, usually 13. In everyday English, bar mitzvah also refers to the ceremony and celebration associated with that milestone.

The feminine form is bat mitzvah. Bat is the Hebrew word for “daughter,” so bat mitzvah literally means “daughter of commandment.” The plural forms are often written b’nai mitzvah for boys or mixed groups and b’not mitzvah for girls, although English usage varies.

The expression does not mean that a child has completed all Jewish learning. Rather, it marks a change in religious status. A celebration may include Torah reading, a haftarah, prayer leadership, charitable work, or a family meal, depending on the community’s customs.