Under what pseudonym did C.S. Lewis publish Spirits in Bondage?

C.S. Lewis published Spirits in Bondage under the pseudonym Clive Hamilton.

Spirits in Bondage was released in 1919, shortly after Lewis’s service in World War I. Using a pseudonym allowed the young poet to present the collection independently of his personal identity and academic reputation. The name combined “Clive,” part of his given name, with “Hamilton,” a family name connected with his mother’s side.

Lewis later used another pseudonym, Clive Hamilton, for the narrative poem Dymer as well, although his literary identity eventually became firmly attached to the initials C.S. Lewis. He also published The Pilgrim’s Regress under his established initials in 1933.

This pseudonym is often confused with N.W. Clerk, the name Lewis used for the biographical study A Grief Observed. The two names belong to different books and different stages of his career.