Under what pen name did C.S. Lewis publish the 1933 poem collection Spirits in Bondage?

C.S. Lewis published Spirits in Bondage under the pen name Clive Hamilton.

Spirits in Bondage was Lewis’s first published book, appearing in 1919 when he was 20 years old. It is a collection of poems influenced by his experiences during and after the First World War, including themes of suffering, nature, doubt, and confinement.

The name Clive Hamilton combined a childhood name Lewis disliked with his mother’s maiden name. He later used the same pseudonym for Dymer, a narrative poem published in 1926. By the time of The Pilgrim’s Regress in 1933, he was publishing under his initials, C.S. Lewis.

Clive Hamilton should not be confused with N.W. Clerk, the pseudonym used for A Grief Observed in 1961. Lewis’s early poetry also predates the Christian apologetics and children’s fiction for which he became much more widely known.