In 'Star Wars', the Jedi Temple is located on the planet Coruscant.
Coruscant is a planet-wide city and the political capital of the Galactic Republic. Its dense layers of skyscrapers, traffic lanes, and urban infrastructure cover almost the entire surface, making it one of the most distinctive settings in the 'Star Wars' universe. The Jedi Temple stands prominently in the city and serves as the headquarters and training center of the Jedi Order during the Republic era.
The Temple contains council chambers, archives, meditation spaces, and training facilities. It is associated with major Jedi figures such as Yoda, Mace Windu, and Obi-Wan Kenobi. In the prequel-era story, the building also becomes a symbol of the Jedi Order's close relationship with the Republic government.
Coruscant is sometimes confused with Naboo because both are strongly connected to important characters and political events. Naboo is the homeworld of Padmé Amidala and Emperor Palpatine, while Tatooine is associated with Luke Skywalker and Anakin Skywalker. Alderaan is Princess Leia's peaceful homeworld. None of those planets contains the Jedi Temple identified in the question.