In Judaism, what does the phrase “bar mitzvah” literally mean in English?

In Judaism, the phrase “bar mitzvah” literally means “son of the commandment.”

The phrase combines bar, an Aramaic word meaning “son,” with mitzvah, a Hebrew term commonly translated as “commandment.” In Jewish usage, mitzvah can also mean a religious obligation or a meritorious deed, but in this expression it refers to responsibility for the commandments.

The name therefore describes a boy’s religious status rather than merely a party. Traditional Jewish law regards a boy as responsible for his own observance at age 13. A public service and festive meal developed as ways to mark and celebrate that transition, with details shaped by local and denominational customs.

The parallel term bat mitzvah means “daughter of the commandment.” Bat is the Hebrew word for “daughter,” while bar comes from Aramaic. English speakers often use “bar mitzvah” for the entire event, but technically it can refer to the person, status, or ceremony depending on context.