Who produced Patti Smith's 1975 album Horses?

Patti Smith’s 1975 album Horses was produced by John Cale. The former Velvet Underground musician was chosen after Smith admired the raw, experimental sound of his solo work, particularly the 1974 album Fear.

Horses was recorded at Electric Lady Studios in New York in September 1975 with Smith’s regular band: Lenny Kaye, Ivan Král, Richard Sohl, and Jay Dee Daugherty. Cale helped shape the recordings while trying to preserve the group’s volatile live energy. Their working relationship was often tense, partly because Cale favored more arrangement and overdubbing while Smith preferred a spontaneous performance style.

The album was released by Arista on November 10, 1975, and became a landmark of punk and art rock. Phil Spector, Tony Visconti, and Brian Eno are plausible music-production names, but none produced Horses. Cale’s role is specifically credited in the album’s production notes.