Which scientist discovered transposons, or “jumping genes,” in maize?

Barbara McClintock discovered transposons, or “jumping genes,” in maize.

By examining chromosome patterns and kernel colors in corn, McClintock showed that some genetic elements could move to different locations within chromosomes. She called the elements controlling elements. The discovery explained why certain maize plants displayed unstable, changing color patterns.

The idea was far ahead of its time. Many geneticists initially found mobile genetic elements difficult to accept, and McClintock largely stopped presenting the work publicly. Later molecular biology confirmed that transposable elements are widespread in organisms.

McClintock received the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, becoming the only recipient of that prize that year. She remains the first woman to receive an unshared Nobel Prize in that category. Her research helped reshape understanding of genome organization and regulation.