The Roman god associated with agriculture and the festival Saturnalia was Saturn.
Saturn was an ancient Roman god connected with agriculture, seed, sowing, and the prosperity of the land. Roman tradition identified him with the Greek Titan Cronus, although Saturn developed a distinct Roman character. His consort was Ops, a goddess associated with abundance and agricultural wealth.
Saturnalia began as a festival on December 17 and later expanded into several days of celebration. It featured public sacrifice at the Temple of Saturn, communal feasting, gift-giving, gambling, and temporary reversals of social convention. Masters might serve meals to enslaved people, creating a ritual atmosphere of freedom and equality.
Roman mythology also remembered Saturn as a former ruler of Latium during a peaceful Golden Age. His temple housed the state treasury, which reinforced his connection with wealth and civic prosperity. Saturn is sometimes confused with his son Jupiter, who overthrew him, or with the planet named Saturn; the planet’s name ultimately comes from the god.