Which northern Chinese dynasty did Muqali fight as Genghis Khan's viceroy?

Muqali fought the Jin dynasty as Genghis Khan’s viceroy in northern China.

Muqali was a trusted Mongol commander from the Jalair tribe who served Genghis Khan during the early expansion of the Mongol Empire. He played an important role in the invasion of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty, including the Mongol victory at the Battle of Yehuling in 1211.

When Genghis Khan departed for Central Asia to fight the Khwarazmian Empire, he left Muqali in charge of the war in northern China. Muqali received exceptional autonomy and the title of viceroy, effectively directing Mongol operations against the Jin while the Great Khan campaigned far to the west.

Muqali combined military pressure with diplomacy, often accepting the submission of local commanders instead of destroying every resisting city. Between 1217 and his death in 1223, his campaigns reduced Jin control across much of northern China, though the dynasty survived until Ögedei’s reign. The Song dynasty was a later southern rival of the Mongols; the Liao had fallen before Muqali’s main campaigns, and the Ming dynasty was established centuries later.