Which Jerusalem shrine, completed in 691, is the earliest major surviving Islamic monument?

The Dome of the Rock is the Jerusalem shrine completed in 691 and is the earliest major surviving Islamic monument.

The building stands on the Temple Mount, known in Islamic tradition as the Noble Sanctuary. Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik commissioned it, and its octagonal plan and monumental dome created a distinctive architectural statement. The shrine surrounds the Foundation Stone, a rock central to Jewish and Islamic religious traditions.

Its exterior has undergone restorations, while the famous interior mosaics preserve early Islamic decorative ideas. The building is a shrine, not a congregational mosque, although it is often casually described as one.

The Dome of the Rock should also be distinguished from the nearby Al-Aqsa Mosque. The two buildings occupy the same larger sacred compound but serve different architectural and historical roles.