Which Islamic monument in Jerusalem was completed in 691 CE under Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik?

The Dome of the Rock was completed in 691 CE under Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik.

Built on Jerusalem’s Temple Mount, the monument is among the earliest surviving examples of Islamic architecture. Its central plan surrounds the rock traditionally associated with the biblical Temple and, in Islamic tradition, with Muhammad’s Night Journey.

The building is not a mosque in the usual congregational sense. It is a shrine, while the nearby Al-Aqsa Mosque is the major congregational mosque on the same platform. The Dome of the Rock’s octagonal form and prominent dome distinguish it from both Al-Aqsa and later Ottoman structures.

Its mosaics originally emphasized Byzantine visual traditions, but their inscriptions present Islamic theological messages. The exterior’s famous tilework was largely renewed centuries later, especially during the Ottoman period.