Which cosmetics entrepreneur was born Florence Nightingale Graham?

Which cosmetics entrepreneur was born Florence Nightingale Graham? Elizabeth Arden was born Florence Nightingale Graham.

Born in 1881 in Woodbridge, Ontario, Graham moved to New York after leaving nursing school in Toronto. She briefly worked as a bookkeeper for the pharmaceutical company E. R. Squibb, where she spent time learning about skincare in the laboratory. She later worked as a treatment assistant for beauty specialist Eleanor Adair.

Graham adopted the professional name Elizabeth Arden while building her own beauty business. “Elizabeth” came from a former business connection, Elizabeth Hubbard, while “Arden” was taken from a nearby farm. Her first New York salon opened on Fifth Avenue in 1910, helping establish the brand that would become Elizabeth Arden, Inc.

Elizabeth Arden became known for linking skincare, cosmetics, salon treatments, and exercise into a coordinated beauty system. She was also a major rival of Helena Rubinstein. Their competition helped shape the modern cosmetics industry, but Rubinstein—not Arden—was the Polish-born entrepreneur among the answer choices.