Which conifer is the common Christmas tree species Abies nordmanniana?

Abies nordmanniana is the conifer commonly known as the Nordmann fir.

Native to the mountains around the eastern Black Sea, especially the Caucasus and northeastern Turkey, the Nordmann fir is one of Europe’s most popular Christmas trees. Its dense, symmetrical shape, glossy dark-green needles and strong needle retention make it especially suitable for indoor display. Unlike many spruces, its needles are relatively soft and do not drop as quickly when the tree dries.

The species belongs to Abies, the fir genus. That is why its common name is “Nordmann fir,” while its scientific name is Abies nordmanniana. It was named after Finnish biologist Alexander von Nordmann, who collected the species in the 19th century.

It is sometimes confused with the balsam fir, Fraser fir or Douglas fir because all are sold as Christmas trees. Those are different species—and Douglas fir is not a true fir at all, despite its common name. Norway spruce remains an important traditional Christmas tree, but Nordmann fir is favored in much of northern Europe for its appearance and ability to hold needles.