Switzerland’s federal city and de facto capital is Bern.
Bern serves as Switzerland’s political center even though the Swiss Constitution does not designate an official capital. In 1848, the newly established Swiss federal state chose Bern as the Federal City, making it the seat of the Federal Assembly, the Federal Council, and much of the national administration. This practical role is why Bern is commonly described as Switzerland’s de facto capital.
Bern was selected over Zurich and Lucerne. Its central location, existing importance, and political balance between German- and French-speaking parts of Switzerland helped make it a compromise choice. Zurich is Switzerland’s largest city and financial center, while Geneva is internationally prominent, but neither is the federal seat.
The city itself has deep historical roots. It was probably founded in 1191 by Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen, and joined the Swiss Confederacy in 1353. Its medieval Old City, built around a bend in the Aare River, became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983.
The title “Federal City” is more precise than “official capital.” Switzerland’s federal institutions are concentrated in Bern, but some national courts are located elsewhere, reflecting the country’s strongly federal structure.