Daoism, also spelled Taoism, is the Chinese philosophical tradition based on the Tao, or Dao—the “Way,” understood as the underlying pattern or process of reality. It emphasizes living in harmony with this natural order rather than forcing the world to conform to human plans.
Daoist thought developed during the intellectual ferment of the Warring States period, especially between the fourth and third centuries BCE. Its two classic texts are the Daodejing, traditionally associated with Laozi, and the Zhuangzi, a collection of imaginative stories and philosophical reflections.
A central idea is wu wei, often translated as “effortless action” or “non-forcing.” It does not mean doing nothing; it means acting skillfully and responsively, without unnecessary struggle. Daoist traditions also value simplicity, naturalness, compassion, frugality, and humility.
Daoism is broader than a philosophy textbook category. It includes organized religious communities, temples, rituals, meditation, qigong, and longevity practices. A common mix-up is treating Daoism and Confucianism as identical: both shaped Chinese culture, but Daoism stresses harmony with natural processes while Confucianism focuses more on social roles and ethical relationships.