Which 1955 anti-nuclear statement did Albert Einstein sign shortly before his death?

The 1955 anti-nuclear statement Albert Einstein signed shortly before his death was the Russell–Einstein Manifesto.

Bertrand Russell drafted the manifesto with help from scientists including Joseph Rotblat and Einstein. Einstein signed it in April 1955, only days before his death on 18 April. It was publicly released in London on 9 July 1955, with eleven prominent scientists and intellectuals as signatories.

The manifesto warned that nuclear war threatened humanity’s survival and urged governments to resolve international conflicts peacefully. It also called for a conference at which scientists could discuss the dangers of weapons of mass destruction without taking sides in Cold War politics.

The statement later became the founding inspiration for the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs. A common mix-up is the Mainau Declaration, another anti-nuclear appeal associated with Nobel laureates, which was issued later in July 1955 and was not the document Einstein signed.