The large Ice Age lion known from cave paintings and extinct about 12,000 years ago was the cave lion.
Scientifically known as Panthera spelaea, it lived across Eurasia and into Beringia during the Pleistocene. It was a major predator of the mammoth steppe, hunting animals such as reindeer, wild horses, bison, and occasionally young mammoths or cave bears.
Cave lions appear in Upper Paleolithic art at sites including Chauvet and Lascaux in France. These images suggest that males may have lacked the large manes typical of modern male lions, although their exact social behavior remains uncertain.
The name can cause confusion because “cave lion” is sometimes used broadly for several extinct lion-like cats, including the American lion. This question points specifically to the Eurasian species, whose extinction around 13,000–12,000 years ago may have involved climate change, declining prey, human pressure, and competition.