The term for the dramatic contrast of light and shadow in Baroque art is chiaroscuro.
The Italian word combines terms meaning “light” and “dark.” In art, chiaroscuro describes strong contrasts between illuminated and shadowed areas, as well as the gradual modelling of light and shade that makes figures and objects appear three-dimensional.
The technique originated during the Renaissance and became especially associated with Baroque painting. Caravaggio used powerful light-dark compositions to isolate figures against deep shadows, while Rembrandt, Georges de La Tour and other artists developed related approaches. These effects could heighten drama, direct attention and create emotional or spiritual intensity.
Tenebrism is the closest common mix-up. It is a more extreme form in which darkness dominates and subjects emerge from sharply focused illumination. Sfumato instead refers to softly blended transitions between tones, while impasto describes thickly applied paint rather than lighting.