What is the name of the seismic scale that estimates earthquake energy from fault rupture?

The seismic scale that estimates earthquake energy from fault rupture is the moment magnitude scale.

Seismologists use the moment magnitude scale, written Mw, to describe the size of an earthquake from its seismic moment. That moment incorporates the area of the fault that ruptured, the average distance the fault moved and the rigidity of the rocks involved.

Unlike intensity scales, moment magnitude measures the earthquake’s overall size rather than the shaking at one location. It also remains useful for very large earthquakes, where older local-magnitude methods can become saturated. The scale is logarithmic: an increase of one magnitude represents roughly 32 times more seismic energy.

Charles Richter’s local magnitude scale remains historically important, but modern catalogs generally use moment magnitude for major earthquakes. Modified Mercalli intensity instead records observed effects at particular places.