On what date did Emilio Aguinaldo declare Philippine independence?

Emilio Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence on June 12, 1898. The proclamation took place in Cavite el Viejo, now Kawit, Cavite, at Aguinaldo's ancestral home during the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule.

Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista prepared and read the declaration in Spanish. The ceremony included the unfurling of the Philippine flag, which had been made in Hong Kong by Marcela, Lorenza, and Delfina Agoncillo, and the performance of the march that later became the national anthem, Lupang Hinirang.

The date is often confused with July 4, 1946, when the United States formally recognized Philippine independence after American colonial rule. The 1898 proclamation asserted independence from Spain, but it was not widely recognized internationally. Aguinaldo's government later faced the Philippine-American War, and the Malolos Congress formally ratified the declaration in September 1898.