The Peruvian ruin in Raiders of the Lost Ark is the Chachapoyan Temple, where Indiana Jones retrieves a golden fertility idol.
The opening sequence presents the temple as a booby-trapped archaeological site. Indiana navigates collapsing passages, a poison dart trap, and a giant rolling boulder before reaching the idol. He then escapes after being betrayed by his guide, Satipo.
The temple is fictional, although the Chachapoya were a real pre-Columbian culture of northern Peru. The sequence helped establish Indiana as an archaeologist-adventurer and became one of the most recognizable openings in adventure cinema.
The Chachapoyan Temple should not be confused with the Well of the Souls, which appears later in Egypt. The Well of the Souls is the chamber where the Ark of the Covenant is discovered.