Which U.S. stock exchange temporarily closed after the 1873 financial panic began?

The New York Stock Exchange temporarily closed after the Panic of 1873 began.

The exchange shut from September 20 to September 29, 1873, as financial failures and a severe credit contraction spread through the United States. The immediate trigger included the collapse of Jay Cooke & Company, a major investment bank that had helped finance the Northern Pacific Railway. Railroad speculation and overbuilding had created substantial vulnerabilities.

The panic disrupted banks, railroads, businesses, and employment. It also contributed to a long depression in the United States, although historians debate the precise boundaries and causes of that depression. The crisis was international: financial distress also affected Europe.

The closure is sometimes overlooked because later crashes are more familiar. It was not a modern electronic trading halt; the exchange physically suspended operations during a period when trading depended on in-person systems and telegraphic communication. The event illustrates how a stock-market panic could quickly become a banking and industrial crisis.