Which U.S. stock exchange suspended trading for ten days during the Panic of 1873?

The New York Stock Exchange suspended trading for ten days during the Panic of 1873.

The exchange closed on 20 September 1873 after the failure of the banking firm Jay Cooke & Company caused a severe financial shock. Jay Cooke had helped finance the Northern Pacific Railway, and doubts about railroad investments spread quickly through banks, investors, and businesses.

When trading resumed on 30 September, the exchange operated in an atmosphere of intense uncertainty. The panic contributed to a long depression in the United States, often called the Long Depression, and railroad failures became a major feature of the downturn.

The 1873 crisis was international. Financial disturbances also affected Europe, particularly Vienna. It is sometimes confused with the Panic of 1857 or the Panic of 1893, but the ten-day New York exchange closure specifically belongs to the 1873 episode.