Which U.S. constitutional amendment, ratified in 1920, recognized women's voting rights nationwide?

The Nineteenth Amendment recognized women's voting rights nationwide in 1920.

The amendment prohibits the United States and its states from denying citizens the right to vote on the basis of sex. Congress approved it in 1919, and the required thirty-sixth state ratification came from Tennessee on August 18, 1920.

The amendment concluded a campaign that had lasted for decades. The first federal women's-suffrage amendment was introduced in Congress in 1878, while activists also pursued voting rights through state constitutions, court cases, petitions, marches, and civil disobedience.

Tennessee's final vote was extremely close. Representative Harry Burn changed his position after receiving a message from his mother urging him to support ratification. The amendment expanded constitutional voting protections, but many women of color still faced discriminatory state laws and practices that prevented them from voting for years afterward.