Which treaty came into force in 1952 and formally ended Japan’s state of war with most Allied countries?

The Treaty of San Francisco came into force in 1952 and formally ended Japan’s state of war with most Allied countries.

Japan and 48 Allied nations signed the treaty on September 8, 1951, in San Francisco. It entered into force on April 28, 1952, ending the Allied occupation and restoring Japan’s sovereignty in relation to the signatories.

The treaty required Japan to renounce claims to territories including Korea, Taiwan, and the Kuril Islands, though it did not settle every later territorial dispute. The Soviet Union attended the conference but did not sign the treaty.

This agreement should not be confused with the 1945 surrender instrument. The surrender ended active hostilities and established the occupation, while the San Francisco treaty created the postwar legal peace framework with most of the former Allied powers.