Which Roman god was the father of Jupiter?

Saturn was the Roman god who was the father of Jupiter. In Roman mythology, Saturn was the son of Caelus, the sky, and Terra, the earth, and his consort was Ops, a goddess associated with abundance. Together they were said to have fathered Jupiter, Neptune, Pluto, Juno, Ceres, and Vesta.

Romans later identified Saturn with the Greek Titan Cronus, so Roman accounts inherited the story of a powerful older god threatened by his own children. Saturn swallowed several of them at birth, but Ops saved Jupiter by substituting a stone. Jupiter eventually overthrew Saturn and became ruler of the gods.

Saturn was more than a frightening figure in family myths. He was associated with agriculture, wealth, time, renewal, and a legendary Golden Age of peace and abundance. His major festival, Saturnalia, took place in December and temporarily relaxed normal social rules. A common mix-up is confusing Saturn with Caelus or Uranus: those figures belong to the older generation and are Saturn’s father or Greek counterpart in different traditions, not Jupiter’s father.