Which prayer whose title means 'Our Father, Our King' is recited on Rosh Hashanah?

The prayer whose title means “Our Father, Our King” and is recited on Rosh Hashanah is Avinu Malkeinu.

Avinu Malkeinu is a central supplication of the Ten Days of Repentance, the period from Rosh Hashanah through Yom Kippur. Each line begins with the repeated address “Avinu Malkeinu,” combining two images of God: a compassionate parent and a sovereign judge. The prayer asks for forgiveness, blessing, protection, and a favorable judgment.

Its earliest recorded foundation appears in the Talmud. Tractate Ta’anit describes Rabbi Akiva using two “Our Father, Our King” verses while praying for rain, traditionally dated to the second century CE. Over time, communities expanded the brief appeal into a longer litany with varying numbers and arrangements of verses.

The prayer is not identical everywhere. Ashkenazi, Sephardi, Mizrahi, and liberal Jewish communities may use different melodies, translations, wording, or verse counts. In many Ashkenazi communities it is omitted when Rosh Hashanah falls on Shabbat, while other practices differ. Avinu Malkeinu is therefore broader than a single fixed musical setting, but its title and Rosh Hashanah association are unmistakable.