Which physicist formulated the three laws of motion published in 1687?

Isaac Newton formulated the three laws of motion published in 1687. They appeared in his Latin work Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, usually called the Principia, which also presented his law of universal gravitation.

Newton’s first law describes inertia: an object keeps its state of motion unless acted on by a net external force. The second relates force, mass, and acceleration, commonly written as F = ma. The third states that interacting bodies exert equal and opposite forces on each other.

The laws created a powerful mathematical framework for classical mechanics and influenced physics, engineering, and astronomy for centuries. They remain highly accurate for ordinary speeds and scales, although relativity and quantum mechanics are needed in extreme conditions. Newton built on earlier work by Galileo and others rather than developing his ideas in isolation.