Which military nursing decoration did Queen Victoria establish in 1883?

Queen Victoria established the Royal Red Cross in 1883.

The decoration was created by Royal Proclamation on 27 April 1883 to recognise exceptional devotion and competence in nursing sick and wounded soldiers and sailors. It was intended for members of military nursing services and reflected the growing professional status of nursing after the Crimean War and later conflicts.

The first awards were made in May 1883. Among the initial recipients were Florence Nightingale and Jane Cecilia Deeble, along with nursing sisters and Lady Loyd-Lindsay. At first the Royal Red Cross had a single class; the lower Associate class was added in 1915 during the First World War. It should not be confused with the Victoria Cross, which recognises battlefield gallantry, the Distinguished Service Order, or the Royal Victorian Order, an honour founded later for personal service to the sovereign.