Which John Milton poem includes brownies outside folklore?

The story behind the answer

The John Milton poem that includes brownies outside folklore is L'Allegro.

Milton’s pastoral poem, first published in 1645, describes a “drudging goblin” called the Lubbar Fend. This industrious supernatural figure churns butter, brews drinks, makes dough rise, sweeps the floor, washes dishes, and settles by the fire. Those domestic chores closely match the traditional work attributed to brownies.

Milton does not simply present the creature as a modern fantasy brownie; he uses older language, calling it a goblin. Folklore scholars nevertheless identify the Lubbar Fend as an early literary representation of the brownie type. The figure is also notably larger and more human-sized than the tiny, wizened brownie familiar from later children’s stories.

The other choices are also Milton titles, which makes this a tempting question. Comus is a masque, Lycidas is a pastoral elegy, and Il Penseroso is L'Allegro’s companion poem. None is the work associated with the household-working goblin.

Source: Wikipedia · fact-checked Sept. 2026

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