Which invention is Johannes Gutenberg most associated with in Europe?

Johannes Gutenberg is most associated with introducing the mechanical movable-type printing press to Europe.

Gutenberg developed his printing system in Mainz, in the Holy Roman Empire, during the fifteenth century. His method combined reusable metal type, oil-based ink, a press mechanism, and efficient type production. It made the rapid reproduction of texts far easier than hand copying manuscripts.

The Gutenberg Bible, printed around 1454–1455, is the best-known early product of his workshop. Gutenberg did not invent writing, paper, or printing itself: woodblock printing had existed in East Asia for centuries, and movable type had also been developed earlier in China and Korea.

His achievement was the creation and spread of a highly effective European printing system. The resulting expansion of books helped accelerate literacy, scholarship, religious debate, and the circulation of scientific ideas across Europe.