Which international convention limits the liability of sea carriers for cargo under bills of lading?

The Hague-Visby Rules limit and regulate the liability of sea carriers for cargo carried under bills of lading.

They are based on the Hague Rules adopted in 1924 and were amended by protocols, including the Visby Protocol of 1968. The rules establish minimum obligations for carriers, including duties relating to seaworthiness, cargo handling and the care of goods during the voyage.

They also provide specified liability limits and defences. Their application depends on factors such as the relevant country’s adoption, the bill of lading and the route involved. They are therefore not automatically the governing law for every international sea shipment.

The Hamburg Rules, adopted in 1978, were intended as a broader replacement and place greater responsibility on carriers in several respects. The Rotterdam Rules were adopted in 2008 but have not entered into force.