Kalibangan is the Indus Valley site in Rajasthan famous for evidence of an ancient ploughed field.
The site stands on the southern bank of the Ghaggar River in present-day Hanumangarh district. Excavations revealed a field marked by intersecting furrows: one set ran east–west and another north–south. The pattern suggests cultivation of two crops in alternating directions, a practice with parallels in later regional agriculture.
Kalibangan had both pre-Harappan and Mature Harappan occupation. Its remains include a fortified settlement, planned streets, mud-brick houses, drains, pottery, and distinctive fire altars. The settlement began developing as a planned town around the late fourth or early third millennium BCE.
The ploughed-field evidence is the key clue, but it should not be confused with a modern field or with evidence from every Harappan site. Kalibangan is also important because it preserves an unusually clear combination of agricultural, urban, ritual, and craft evidence from the civilisation.