Which crusade ended with the Treaty of Jaffa in 1192?

The Third Crusade ended with the Treaty of Jaffa in 1192. The agreement was a truce between Richard the Lionheart, king of England, and Saladin, the Muslim sultan who had recaptured Jerusalem in 1187.

The treaty followed years of campaigning after the Christian defeat at the Battle of Hattin. Richard’s forces recovered important coastal cities, including Acre, and won the Battle of Arsuf. Although Richard reached the vicinity of Jerusalem, he did not retake the city, partly because holding it would have been difficult without secure control of the surrounding territory.

Under the treaty, Jerusalem remained under Muslim control but Christian pilgrims were granted access to the city. The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem retained a coastal corridor stretching roughly from Tyre to Jaffa, while Ascalon’s fortifications were dismantled and the town returned to Saladin. The truce was intended to last three years.

The treaty is sometimes called the Treaty of Ramla or simply the treaty of 1192. It should not be confused with a later 1229 agreement also associated with Jaffa, which helped end the Sixth Crusade. The 1192 Treaty of Jaffa belongs specifically to the settlement between Richard and Saladin after the Third Crusade.