Which country has Pretoria, Cape Town, and Bloemfontein as its three capitals?

South Africa has Pretoria, Cape Town, and Bloemfontein as its three capitals.

Pretoria is the administrative capital, Cape Town is the legislative capital, and Bloemfontein is the judicial capital. This arrangement distributes central government functions among three cities rather than concentrating every principal institution in one national capital. South Africa's Constitutional Court, however, is located in Johannesburg, so the capital system does not mean every major judicial body is in Bloemfontein.

The arrangement developed from political compromises surrounding the creation of the Union of South Africa in 1910. Cape Town retained the legislature, Pretoria became the seat of the executive, and Bloemfontein received the judicial role. These cities were already important centres in the country's colonial and political history.

South Africa is sometimes described as having one capital in simplified references, especially when Pretoria is called the capital without listing the other two. The three-capital system is the precise constitutional convention and is a frequent source of geography questions.